![](/uploads/1/2/5/5/125584596/400135742.jpg)
F2A BuffaloBrewster F2A-3 in flight.RoleNational originUnited StatesManufacturerFirst flight2 December 1937IntroductionApril 1939Retired1948 (Finland)StatusRetiredPrimary usersProduced1938–1941Number built509Developed intoThe Brewster F2A Buffalo is an American which saw service early in. Designed and built by the, it was one of the first U.S. With an arrestor hook and other modifications for aircraft carriers. The Buffalo won a competition against the in 1939 to become the 's first monoplane fighter aircraft. Although superior to the biplane it replaced, and the early F4Fs, the Buffalo was largely obsolete when the United States entered the war, being unstable and overweight, especially when compared to the Japanese.Several nations, including Finland, Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands, ordered the Buffalo.
Badiyana takes over the captaincy from lock JC Astle, who will be out of action this week following a stomach ailment. The East London-born former Cambridge High School head boy will lead a side.
Lusanda Badiyana is a flanker for the Isuzu Southern Kings rugby team, based in the Nelson Mandela Bay, Port Elizabeth South Africa. Lusanda Badiyana (born 1 September 1996) is a South African rugby union player for the Southern Kings in the Pro14. His regular position is eighth man, but he can also play as a flanker or a lock. Rugby career 2014: Border. Badiyana was born and grew up in East London, where. Badiyana Village Map. Badiyana Pin code. Badiyana Schools and colleges. Badiyana population.Badiyana is a Village in Bironkhal Block in Pauri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand State. History and Detailed Information guide of Badiyana, People and near by Tourist Places in Badiyana. Badiyana Live weather.
![Badiyana Badiyana](/uploads/1/2/5/5/125584596/617591171.jpg)
After struggling to earn a starting job for Ohio State, Burrow made the jump to LSU in 2018. His play that season was below par, which led to a low completion rate (57.8) and only 16 passing TDs.
The Finns were the most successful with their Buffalos, flying them in combat against early Soviet fighters with excellent results. During the of 1941–1944, the B-239s (de-navalized F2A-1) operated by the proved capable of engaging and destroying most types of Soviet fighter aircraft operating against Finland at that time and achieving in the first phase of that conflict 32 Soviet aircraft shot down for every B-239 lost, and producing 36 Buffalo '.In December 1941, Buffalos operated by both (B-339E) and (B-339C/D) air forces in suffered severe losses in combat against the Japanese Navy's and the Japanese Army's 'Oscar'. The British attempted to lighten their Buffalos by removing ammunition and fuel and installing lighter guns to improve performance, but it made little difference. After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammunition load in the wing, which allowed their Buffalos (and their ) to stay with the Oscars in turns.The Buffalo was built in three variants for the U.S.
Navy: the F2A-1, F2A-2 and F2A-3. (In foreign service, with lower horsepower engines, these types were designated B-239, B-339, and B-339-23 respectively.) The F2A-3 variant saw action with (USMC) squadrons at the. Shown by the experience of Midway to be no match for the Zero, the F2A-3 was derided by USMC pilots as a 'flying coffin.'
Indeed, the F2A-3s performance was substantially inferior to the F2A-2 variant used by the Navy before the outbreak of the war despite detail improvements. Contents.Design and development United States Navy In 1935, the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a -based fighter intended to replace the biplane. The Brewster XF2A-1 monoplane, designed by a team led by Dayton T. Brown, was one of two aircraft designs that were initially considered. The with a double-row radial engine was a 'classic' biplane. Navy competition was re-opened to allow another competitor, the XFNF-1, a navalized eliminated early on when the prototype could not reach more than 267 mph (430 km/h).
The XF2A-1 first flew on 2 December 1937 and early test results showed it was far in advance of the Grumman biplane entry. While the XF4F-1 would not enter production, it would later re-emerge as a monoplane, the.The Buffalo was manufactured at the in. Brewster XF2A-1 prototypeThe new Brewster fighter had a modern look with a stubby fuselage, mid-set monoplane wings and a host of advanced features. It was all-metal, with flush-riveted, stressed construction, although control surfaces were still fabric-covered. The XF2A-1 also featured split flaps, a hydraulically operated retractable main undercarriage (and partially retractable tailwheel), and a streamlined framed canopy.
However (as was still common at this time), the aircraft lacked. Fuel was only 160 U.S. Gal (606 l), stored in the fuselage. Powered by a 950 hp (708 kW) single-row radial engine, it had an impressive initial climb rate of 2,750 ft/min and a top speed of 277.5 mph (447 km/h).
The aircraft was then tested in 1938 in the full-scale wind tunnel, where it was determined that certain factors were contributing to parasitic drag. Based on the tests, improvements were made to the cowling streamlining and carburetor/oil cooler intakes, and the Buffalo's speed rose to 304 mph (489 km/h) at 16,000 ft (4,879 m) without any increase in power. Other manufacturers took notice of this 10% increase in speed and efficiency, and wind tunnel tests grew to be standard procedure in the US.
With only a single-stage supercharger, high-altitude performance fell off rapidly. Fuselage armament was one fixed.50 in (12.7 mm) with 200 rounds and one fixed.30 in (7.62 mm) with 600 rounds, both in the nose. The Navy awarded a production contract for 54 aircraft as the F2A-1.Service testing of the XF2A-1 prototype began in January 1938 and in June, production started on the F2A-1.
They were powered by the 940 hp (701 kW) Wright R-1820-34 engine and had a larger fin. The added weight of two additional.50 in (12.7 mm) Browning wing guns and other equipment specified by the Navy for combat operations reduced the initial rate of climb to 2,600 ft/min. Plagued by production difficulties, Brewster delivered only 11 F2A-1 aircraft to the Navy; the remainder of the order was later diverted to the Finnish Air Force in modified form under the export designation Model 239. F2A-3s serving as U.S. Navy training aircraft at, 1942–1943.A later variant, the F2A-2, of which 43 were ordered by the U.S. Navy, included a more powerful R-1820-40 engine, a better propeller, and integral flotation gear, but still lacked pilot armor and self-sealing tanks. The increase in engine power was welcomed, but to some extent offset by the increased loaded weight (5,942 lb/2,701 kg) of the aircraft; while top speed was increased to a respectable 323 mph (520 km/h) at 16,500 ft (5,029 m), initial climb rate dropped to 2,500 ft/min.
Both the F2A-1 and the F2A-2 variants of the Brewster were liked by early Navy and Marine pilots, including, who praised the good turning and maneuvering abilities of the aircraft. Boyington is alleged to have opined '.the early models, before they weighed it all down with armor plate, radios, and other equipment, they were pretty sweet little ships. Not real fast, but the little aircraft could turn and roll in a phone booth.'
This might be expected from the low wing loading, in earlier versions comparable with the 's 22 pounds per square foot.The F2A-3 was the last version of the Buffalo to enter service with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.
A total of 108 examples were ordered in January 1941. By this time, the Navy had become disenchanted with the Buffalo, and had become especially annoyed at Brewster Aeronautical Corporation's frequent production delays and its seemingly never-ending management difficulties.
This order was seen more as a way of keeping Brewster's production lines running; they would eventually build Corsair fighters for the Navy as well as.The F2A-3s were conceived as a long range reconnaissance fighter with a new with self-sealing features and a larger fuselage tank which provided increased fuel capacity and protection, but this also increased the aircraft's weight by more than 500 lb (227 kg). The wing and enlarged fuselage tank carried an additional 80 U.S. gal (300 L) of fuel; at 6 lb/U.S. gal (0.72 kg/L), the fuel alone weighed nearly 500 lb (227 kg). The addition of armor plating for the pilot and increased ammunition capacity further increased the aircraft's weight, resulting in a reduced top speed and rate of climb, while substantially degrading the Brewster's turning and maneuvering capability.
The Navy found that the added weight of the F2A-3 also aggravated the problem of landing gear failure during carrier landings. However, the -40 two speed supercharged Cyclone engine in the F2A-3 was an excellent 'cruising' engine and as such the F2A-3 had some value and saw initial service on the carriers Saratoga and Lexington.Even in late 1940 it was apparent that the Buffalo was rapidly becoming obsolete. It badly needed a more powerful engine, but the limits of the airframe had been reached, making installation of a larger engine impossible. Soon after deliveries of the F2A-3 began, the Navy decided to eliminate the type altogether.
By then, considered a second line aircraft, some were transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps, which deployed two F2A-3 squadrons to the Pacific, one at, and another at. Those which still remained on board aircraft carriers narrowly missed a combat opportunity when a relief mission was dispatched to Wake Island, but the relief force was withdrawn before completing the mission. Shortly thereafter, F2A-3s still in naval service were transferred to training squadrons for use as advanced trainers.Operational history The first unit to be equipped with the F2A-1 was Lt. Warren Harvey's, assigned to air group.
On 8 December 1939, VF-3 received 10 of the 11 Buffalos delivered to the U.S. The remaining 43 F2A-1s were declared surplus and sold to. Wrote in late 1940 after visiting Britain that the Buffalo and other American aircraft 'cannot compete with either the existing English or German fighters', so Britain used them 'either as advanced trainers -or for fighting equally obsolete Italian planes in the Middle East. That is all they are good for'. Even the 's American pilots used instead of the Buffalo. Early in the war all modern monoplane fighter types were in high demand, however.
Consequently, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the purchased several hundred export models of the Buffalo. Brewster Buffalo Mk Is being inspected by RAF personnel at, Singapore on 12 October 1941.Facing a shortage of combat aircraft in January 1940, the British government established the to acquire U.S. Aircraft that would help supplement domestic production. Among the U.S. Fighter aircraft that caught the Commission's attention was the Brewster. The remaining 32 B-339 aircraft ordered by the Belgians, suspended at the fall of France, were passed on to the United Kingdom. Appraisal by acceptance personnel criticized it on numerous points including inadequate armament and lack of pilot armor, poor high-altitude performance, engine overheating, maintenance issues, and cockpit controls, while it was praised for its handling, roomy cockpit, and visibility.
With a top speed of about 323 mph (520 km/h) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but with fuel starvation issues over 15,000 ft (4,600 m), it was considered unfit for duty in western Europe. Still desperately in need of fighter aircraft in the Pacific and Asia for British and air forces, the UK ordered an additional 170 aircraft under the type specification B-339E. The aircraft were sent to, RAF and fighter squadrons in, and, shortly before the outbreak of war with. Brewster B-339E (AN196/WP-W) of. This aircraft was flown by, who flew the first Buffalo sortie in the on 8 December 1941, strafing on the. Damaged by ground fire, it was abandoned at before its fall to the Japanese.The B-339E, or Brewster Buffalo Mk I as it was designated in British service, was initially intended to be fitted with an export-approved Wright R-1820-G-105 Cyclone engine with a 1,000 hp (745.7 kW) (peak takeoff) engine.
The Brewster aircraft delivered to British and Commonwealth air forces were significantly altered from the B-339 type sold to the Belgium and French forces in accordance with their purchase order. The Brewster factory removed the Navy container and, while adding many new items of equipment, including a British Mk III, a gun camera, a larger fixed pneumatic tire tail wheel, fire extinguisher, engine shutters, a larger battery, and reinforced armor plating and armored glass behind the canopy windshield.The Brewster Model B-339E, as modified and supplied to Great Britain was distinctly inferior in performance to the F2A-2 (Model B-339) from the original order. It had a less powerful (1,000 hp (745.7 kW)) engine compared to the F2A-2's 1,200 hp (895 kW) Cyclone, yet was substantially heavier due to all of the additional modifications (some 900 lb/400 kg). The semi-retractable tail wheel had been exchanged for a larger fixed model, which was also less aerodynamic. Top speed was reduced from 323 mph (520 km/h) to 313 mph (504 km/h) at combat altitudes.In its original form, the B-339 had a theoretical maximum speed of 323 mph (520 km/h) at a rather unrealistic 21,000 ft (6,400 m), but fuel starvation problems and poor supercharger performance at higher altitudes meant that this figure was never achieved in combat; the B-339E was no different in this regard. Its maneuverability was severely impaired (the aircraft was unable to perform loops), and initial rate of climb was reduced to 2,300 ft/min.
The Wright Cyclone 1890-G-105 engine designated for use in the Brewster Mk I was in short supply; many aircraft were fitted with secondhand Wright engines sourced from Douglas DC-3 airliners and rebuilt to G105 or G102A specifications by Wright. In service, some effort was made by at least one Brewster squadron to improve the type's sluggish performance; a few aircraft were lightened by some 1,000 lb (450 kg) by removing armor plate, armored windshields, radios, gun camera, and all other unnecessary equipment, and by replacing the.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns with.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. The fuselage tanks were filled with a minimum of fuel, and run on high-octane aviation petrol where available. At Alor Star airfield in Malaya, the Japanese captured over 1,000 barrels (160 m 3) of high-octane aviation petrol from British forces, which they promptly used in their own fighter aircraft. Buffalo Mk I formation over Malaya, late 1941.Many of the pilots assigned the Buffalo lacked adequate training and experience in the type. A total of 20 of the original 169 Buffalos were lost in training accidents during 1941.
By December 1941, approximately 150 Buffalo B-339E aircraft made up the bulk of the British fighter defenses of Burma, Malaya and Singapore. The two RAAF, two RAF, and one RNZAF squadrons, during December 1941 – January 1942, were beset with numerous problems, including poorly built and ill-equipped aircraft. Aviation historian Dan Ford characterized it as, 'The performance. Was pathetic.' Inadequate spare parts and support staff, airfields that were difficult to defend against air attack, lack of a clear and coherent command structure, a in the Army air liaison staff, antagonism between RAF and RAAF squadrons and personnel, and inexperienced pilots lacking appropriate training would lead to disaster. Although the Mk I had.50-inch guns, many aircraft were equipped with.303 Browning mounts and electric firing solenoids, which tended to fail in service. Buffalos of lined up at in November 1941.
Buffalo AN185/TD-V was flown by, who shot down three Japanese bombers (two and one ) over on 13 December 1941, while his was still down.When the Japanese invaded on 8 December 1941, the B-339E initially performed adequately. Against the 'Nate', the overloaded Brewsters could at least hold their own if given time to get to altitude, and at first achieved a respectable number of kills. However, the appearance of ever greater numbers of Japanese fighters, including markedly superior types such as the 'Oscar' soon overwhelmed the Buffalo pilots, both in the air and on the ground. Another significant factor was the Brewster engine's tendency to overheat in the tropical climate, which caused oil to spray over the windscreen, usually forcing an aborted mission and greatly complicating attempts to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft. In the end, more than 60 Brewster Mk I (B-339E) aircraft were shot down in combat, 40 destroyed on the ground, and approximately 20 more destroyed in accidents.
Only about 20 Buffalos survived to reach India or the. The last airworthy Buffalo in Singapore flew out on 10 February, five days before the island.It is not entirely clear how many Japanese aircraft the Buffalo squadrons shot down, although RAAF pilots alone managed to shoot down at least 20. Eighty were claimed in total, a ratio of kills to losses of just 1.3 to 1.
Additionally, most of the Japanese aircraft shot down by the Buffalos were bombers. The Hawker Hurricane, which fought in Singapore alongside the Buffalo from 20 January, also suffered severe losses from ground attack; most were destroyed. The also used the Buffalo in the Mediterranean in the in early 1941.The Brewster Mark I produced four Commonwealth aces:,. New Zealander Fisken, the top-scoring pilot, later flew RNZAF and became the highest-scoring Commonwealth pilot within the.Burma was equipped with thirty Buffalos when the. They were joined by fighters of the. AVG crews were initially impressed with the Buffalo, some even urging General to trade a squadron of P-40s for Buffalos. In response, Chennault arranged a mock dogfight between both fighters, with 1st Lieutenant Erik Shilling flying the P-40 and Squadron Leader Jack Brandt flying the Buffalo.
Over their training base in, the P-40 proved to be superior to the Buffalo. When Shilling and Brandt met again fifty years later, the RAF pilot said, 'how I wish I could have swapped my aircraft for yours'.The Buffalos and P-40s carried out air defenses over and as well as strafing missions on Japanese airfields. Like Malaya and Singapore, lack of effective early warning systems greatly hampered British and AVG efforts to defend Burma from air raids. Reports of Japanese aircraft performance from the prompted Buffalo pilots in Burma to employ different tactics; according to Flight Sergeant Vic Bargh, 'come in from above, or at the same level at the very least, then dive away before they got onto you, because if they did get onto you, well, you were shot down'. One of the Buffalo's final victories of the was claimed by Bargh; he found the wreckage of the bomber and had his picture taken with it as proof.The secured air superiority over Rangoon by early February 1942, and with the situation on the ground rapidly deteriorating, No. 67 Squadron withdrew north to Toungoo.
On 13 February, the squadron moved further north to with only eight Buffalos, where they continued to carry out reconnaissance flights as well as escorting on ground attack missions. The Buffalo flew its last combat sortie with the RAF on 5 March, escorting Hawker Hurricanes and for an attack on a Japanese airbase in,.
Only six Buffalos remained when the squadron withdrew to, India on 11 March to re-equip with Hurricanes. They were swiftly relegated to training duties, though two were briefly acquired by in early April, one of which was regularly flown by Squadron Leader. 67 Squadron claimed 27 Japanese aircraft destroyed; eight Buffalos were shot down and eight pilots were killed. For their actions, Squadron Leader Jack Brandt and Flight Lieutenant Colin Pinckney were awarded the (the latter posthumously), while Sergeant Gordon Williams received the. Netherlands East Indies.
Brewster Buffalos of theThe ('Military Air Service of the Royal Netherlands East Indian Army', ML-KNIL) had ordered 144 Brewster B-339C and 339D models, the former with rebuilt Wright G-105 engines supplied by the Dutch and the latter with new 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines Brewster purchased from Wright. At the outbreak of war , only 71 had arrived in the, and not all were in service. A small number served briefly at before being withdrawn for the defense of Borneo and.As the Brewster B-339 aircraft used by the ML-KNIL were lighter than the modified B-339E Brewster Mark Is used by British, Australian, and New Zealand air forces, they were able to successfully engage the Japanese Army 'Oscar', although both the 'Oscar' and the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero still out-climbed the B-339 at combat altitudes (the Zero was faster as well). After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammo load in the wing, which allowed their Buffalos (and their Hurricanes) to stay with the Oscars in turns. In February 1942 they received new model gunsights. Around the same time the Dutch started to use tracer ammunition as well.
These two improved their hit ratio. Still, their lack of heavy machine guns (.50') meant their success rate wasn't as high as it could have been.Apart from their role as fighters, the Brewster fighters were also used as dive bombers against Japanese.
Although reinforced by British Commonwealth Buffalo Mk I (B-339E) aircraft retreating from Malaya, the Dutch squadrons faced superior numbers in the air, usually odds of one against two or three. Timely early warning from British radar would have countered this deficit, especially in avoiding unnecessary losses from raids on airfields, but the British government had decided too late to send these: the first British radar stations became operational only towards the end of February.
Had they been ready two weeks earlier, the outcome of the Japanese invasion here might well have been different (read Boer's book).In a major engagement above Semplak on 19 February 1942, eight Dutch Brewster fighters intercepted a formation of about 35 Japanese bombers with an escort of about 20 Zeros. The Brewster pilots destroyed 11 Japanese aircraft and lost four Brewsters; two Dutch pilots died.Only four airworthy Buffalos remained on 7 March. Led this flight on its final sortie that day, and was credited with a Zero before he was killed. This made him and Lt. The most successful Dutch pilots on the Buffalo with three victories each. Altogether, 17 ML-KNIL pilots were killed, and 30 aircraft shot down; 15 were destroyed on the ground, and several were lost to misadventure. Dutch pilots claimed 55 enemy aircraft destroyed.
USAAF/RAAF in Australia Following the surrender of the Netherlands East Indies on 8 March 1942, 17 B339-23 belonging to the ML-KNIL (diverted to Australia because of late delivery) were transferred to the U.S. In Australia.All of these USAAF aircraft were lent to the RAAF, with which they were used mainly for air defence duties outside frontline areas, photo-reconnaissance and gunnery training. Buffalos served with, and the.Between August 1942 and November 1943, 10 of these Brewsters constituted the air defense force for, while assigned to 25 and 85 Sqns at and.In 1944, all of the surviving aircraft were transferred to the USAAF.
Marine Corps. F2A-3 of rests in the flight deck gallery walkway after suffering landing gear failure while landing on board, off, 25 July 1942.
VMF-211 was the last Marine Corps unit to operate the F2A in a front-line capacity.At Midway Island, fighter squadron operated a mixed group of 20 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalos and seven Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats. They were originally assigned to as part of a relief force bound for, but were diverted to Midway instead after the force was controversially recalled on 22 December 1941. Wake Island on the following day. The squadron first saw action on 10 March 1942 when a 'Emily' was shot down by Captain James L.
Neefus near Midway, the Buffalo's first kill in U.S. Service.During the in 1942, VMF-221 was destined to participate in one of the few aerial combats involving the Buffalo in U.S. Military service. The initial Buffalo interception of the first Japanese air raid was led by Major, whose 13-aircraft division did not fly in paired flights of mutually supporting aircraft. After attacking a formation of 30–40 1 'Val' escorted by 36, the Marines, flying in two divisions of aircraft, downed several Japanese bombers before the escorting Zeros reacted; a furious dogfight developed. Thirteen out of 20 Buffalos were lost; of the six Wildcats, only two remained flyable at the end of the mission.
The losses included the Marine air commander, Major Parks, who bailed out of his burning Buffalo, only to be strafed by Zeros after parachuting into the sea.The Marine pilots who managed to shake off the Zeros used high speed split-s turns or very steep dives. These maneuvers were later found to be the best means to evade pursuit by the highly maneuverable Japanese fighters. One F2A-3 pilot, Marine Captain William Humberd, dove away from his pursuers, then attacked a Zero in a head-on pass, shooting his opponent down. In the battle, some F2A-3s suffered from inoperative guns. The nose-mounted guns' occasional failure to fire was noticed by other users as well; the phenomenon may have been caused by frayed electrical wires in the mechanism that synchronized the nose guns with the propeller. Other Buffalos had not been fitted with plate armor behind the pilot, making them vulnerable to even a single bullet or shell.
Losses were aggravated due to the Japanese practice of strafing pilots who had bailed out. Hughes, whose Buffalo was forced to retire at the start of the raid due to engine trouble, had a ringside view of the aerial combat:The Zeros came in strafing immediately afterward. I saw two Brewsters trying to fight the Zeros.
One was shot down and the other was saved by ground fires covering his tail. Both looked like they were tied to a string while the Zeros made passes at them.Second Lt. Kunz reported that after successfully downing two Val bombers, he was attacked by Japanese fighters:I was at an altitude of about 9,000 ft, and shoved over in a dive trying to shake the plane on my tail until I was about 20 feet from the water. I was making radical turns hoping the pilot couldn't get steadied on me.
I glanced out of the rear and saw that it was a fighter. I continued flying on a rapid turning course at full throttle when I was hit in the head by a glancing bullet. After he fired a few short bursts he left as I had been in a general direction of 205 degrees heading away from the island. My plane was badly shot up. In my opinion, the Zero fighter has been far underestimated. I think it is probably one of the finest fighters in the present war.
As for the F2A-3, (or Brewster trainer), it should be in Miami as a training plane, rather than used as a first-line fighter.report on the Zero and air combat reached Washington in 1941, where it was disseminated to aviation forces of the U.S. Army and Navy.
This information, along with the development of two-plane mutual defensive formations and tactics, were incorporated into U.S. And Marine Corps air combat training doctrine by some prescient U.S. Commanders, including Lieutenant Commander. The was developed for use by Wildcat pilots against the Zero and was later adopted by other Wildcat squadrons in the Pacific.With the emergence of new tactics for the F4F-3 and F4F-4 Wildcat (which was superior in all respects to the F2A-3 Buffalo, with the sole exception of maximum range), the Battle of Midway marked the end of the Buffalo in both U.S. Navy and Marine Corps fighting squadrons. Surviving F2A-3 aircraft were hastily transported to the U.S.
Mainland, where they were used as advanced trainers. The introduction in late 1943 of vastly superior American carrier-borne fighters such as the and soon relegated the Brewster F2A-3 to a distant memory.Buffalo aces The Finnish Air Force produced 36 Buffalo aces. The top three were Capt., with 39 Buffalo air victories (out of 75), with 34 (out of 94) and Capt., with 25.5 (out of 31.5). First Lt also had victories in the type (22.5 out of 32.5).The non-Finnish Buffalo aces were: (RNZAF), with six air victories, and Doug Vanderfield (RAAF) with five individual kills, plus one shared. Alf Clare (RAAF) and Maurice Holder (RAF) had five victories each.Only 509 Buffaloes were produced, yet the type produced 40 aces. This may well be the highest ratio of aces per number of aircraft produced, of any production fighter plane.
Brewster Buffalo F2A-2 XF2A-1 Prototype F2A-1 (with engine and two guns above engine cowling, plus two optional guns in the wings) for the United States Navy, 11 built. F2A-2 (with engine and four guns) for the United States Navy and Marines, 43 built. F2A-3 Improved F2A-2 for the United States Navy with longer range and provision to carry two underwing 100 lb (45 kg) bombs, 108 built. XF2A-4 One converted from an F2A-3. B-239 Export version of the F2A-1 for Finland (with engines and four guns), 44 built. B-339B Export version for Belgium, 40 built (only two delivered to Belgium, the rest to the 's ) B-339C Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with engines; 24 built. B-339D Export version for the Netherlands East Indies with 1,200 hp (894.8 kW) engines; 48 built (47 delivered to ).
B-339E Export version of the F2A-2 for the with engines as the Buffalo Mk I; 170 built (also used by the RAAF and RNZAF) B-339-23 a.k.a. B-439 Export version of the F2A-3 for the Netherlands East Indies with 1,200 hp (894.8 kW) engines; 20 built (17 later to the RAAF, some used by the USAAF). Operators. Captured Dutch Buffalo displayed as a with Japanese roundels. Captured Buffalos were repaired and test flown, both in Japanese markings, and – starring in recreated combat footage – in incorrect RAF markings.
(3-VLG-IV: 3rd Squadron, IV Group) (1-VLG-V) (2-VLG-V, helped defend Singapore) (3-VLG-V) (ex-60 Sqn., most pilots were RNZAF) (ex-67 Sqn.) (most pilots were RNZAF) Royal Navy, Australia (ex-Dutch), based at, based at, based at, based at, based at, based at, used in, based at Training Units at and Surviving aircraft and replicas. The guns were mounted well aft, just ahead of the cockpit. By the fall of 1940 the Navy had witnessed the XF4U-1 prototype (later to become the ) exceed 400 mph (644 km/h) in level flight with its huge Twin Wasp engine, an aircraft well ahead of anything in U.S. United States Navy Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from on 17 April 2001. Retrieved 23 September 2013. By the beginning of the Pacific War, the F2A, by then also known by the popular name 'Buffalo', was passing out of carrier squadron service in favor of the F4F-3.
^ Wheeler 1992, p. The Doublestar Group. Retrieved 23 February 2015. Ethell 1995, p. 212.
![World rugby educator course World rugby educator course](/uploads/1/2/5/5/125584596/742845666.jpg)
Neulen 2000, p. 217. ^ Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 85. Ethell 1995, p. 213.
^ Boer 2006, p. 83.
Theodore, Taylor. The Battle Off Midway Island. New York: Avon, 1982. ^ Lundstrom 2005, p. 12. ^ Ford, Dan.
Warbirdforum.com, 2008. Retrieved: 6 September 2009. Shores 1971, p. 133. Baugher, Joe. Navy Fighter Aircraft: Brewster F2A, 25 December 1999.
Retrieved: 8 March 2009. Maas 1987, p. 5. Enzo Angelucci, The American Fighter. Launius, Roger D. Retrieved 4 April 2018. West, Rick.
Retrieved: 8 March 2009. Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (2001). The Great Book of Fighters. MBI Publishing. Graham White 'Allied Aircraft Piston engines of WW II'.
Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 6–7. Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 7.
Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). New York: Simon and Schuster. Pp. 139, 154–156. ^ Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p.
74. Stenman 2001, p. 27. Stenman 2001, p. 39.
^ Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 10.
^ Maas, Jim. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp.
10–11. geocities.com. Retrieved: 25 October 2010. ^ Lindberg, J.
July 19, 2009, at the Fighter Tactics Academy, January 2006. Retrieved: 10 August 2009.
Ford. Dan (reprinted by ). Warbirdforum.com, June 2008. Retrieved: 30 October 2010. 2019-11-15.
Arena 1996, p. 483. Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p. 86. Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp. 11–12. Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p.
76. Neulen 2000, p. 208. Stenman and Keskinen 1998, p.
75. Stenman and Thomas 2010, pp.
83–84. Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 84. Pacco 2003, p. 71. Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 8. ^ Rickard, J. Historyofwar.org, 27 June 2007.
Retrieved: 6 September 2009. ^ Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 44. Baugher, Joe. Navy Fighter Aircraft: Brewster F2A, 5 March 2003. Retrieved: 12 August 2010. October 28, 2007, at the tamiya.com.
Retrieved: 10 September 2007. Gunston, Bill “The Illustrated Directory of Fighting Aircraft of World War II.” Salamander Books, 1988.
Cull, Sortehaug and Haselden 2003. Harper 1946, pp. 1–2. Stenman and Thomas 2010, p. 46. Huggins 2007, pp. 35–36.
^ Stenman & Thomas 2010, p. 67. ^ Dennis et al. 115. Wixey 2003, pp. 38–39.
^ Flores, Santiago A. Warbirdforum.com, 2008. Retrieved: 3 October 2007. ^ C O Lamp 2007, unspecified page. ^ Stenman & Thomas, p.72. Stenman & Thomas 2010, p.74.
^ Stenman & Thomas, p.76. ^ Stenman & Thomas, p.77. Stanaway 1998, p. 9.
Andriessen, Paul. Warbirdforum.com, 2008. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. ^ Wilson, Stewart (1994). Military Aircraft of Australia.
Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications. P. 216. ^ October 11, 2008, at the Pacific War Home Page. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. Moran 2011, p. 24. Stenman and Thomas 2010, p.
79. Military Times Hall of Valor. Retrieved: 15 June 2011. Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center. Retrieved: 22 May 2012. Steve Horn 2005, page 137.
Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved: 20 November 2010.
^ USMC Combat Reports via warbirdforum.com. Retrieved: 8 March 2009.
USMC Combat Reports via warbirdforum.com. Retrieved: 8 March 2009. ^ Lundstrom 2005, p. 480. Stenman and Thomas 2010, p.
86. ^ Lindberg, Jarno. Retrieved: 10 August 2009. 2010-10-23 at the militaireluchtvaartmuseum.nl. Retrieved: 16 June 2012.
Maloney, Bill. Williammaloney.com, 16 August 2008. Retrieved: 26 January 2010. www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Eckholm, Erik., 1 January 2013.
Retrieved: 2 January 2013. Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p.
72.Bibliography.
![](/uploads/1/2/5/5/125584596/400135742.jpg)